Fig. 3

Comparison of TLR4 expression and NF-κB activation between study groups. The LPS + GM-CSF group were pretreated with GM-CSF (30 μg kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to LPS injection (0.83 mg/kg, i.p.). Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by pairwise comparisons with the Tukey post hoc test and is depicted in both graphs as *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001. a The TLR4 and β-actin bands observed for two of the three groups. Each group consisted of the aggregate of 5 mice hippocampi. b NF-κB expression and activation in mice hippocampi. Each lane contains the extract of a single mouse hippocampus. c The differences between the three groups were significant for both proteins (TLR4: p = .039; pNF-κB/total NF-κB: p = .010). GM-CSF pretreatment decreased TLR4 (p = .042) and pNF-κB (p = .011) expression significantly compared to the groups only receiving LPS