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Fig. 4 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 4

From: Malva parviflora extract ameliorates the deleterious effects of a high fat diet on the cognitive deficit in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease by restoring microglial function via a PPAR-γ-dependent mechanism

Fig. 4

Malva parviflora hydroalcoholic extract protects 5XFAD transgenic mice from memory deficit. Morris Water Maze test was performed to evaluate spatial memory in 5XFAD mice treated with Malva parviflora hydroalcoholic extract (M. parviflora). a Time (sec) need to reach the hidden platform (escape latency) during the five acquisition days (test trial) of wild type (Wt) mice fed with normal diet (ND) (closed black cirle) or high-fat diet (HFD) (closed black triangle) and those that received intragastrically water or 50 mg/kg/day of the MpHE (Mp): Wt ND + Mp (open black circle) or Wt HFD + Mp (open black triangle), or transgenic 5XFAD mice fed with a normal diet (ND) (closed red circle) or a high-fat diet (HFD) (closed red triangle) that received intragastrically water or 50 mg/kg/day of the MpHE (Mp): 5XFAD ND + Mp (open red circle), or 5XFAD HFD + Mp (open red triangle). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 8 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. This revealed a significant effect for time F(4,108) = 12.16, p < 0.0001, Genotype F(7,27) = 11.17, p < 0.0001 and for the interaction between time and genotype F(28,108) = 1.969, p = 0.007 (day 4 Wt ND vs 5XFAD HFD *p = 0.04; day 5 Wt ND vs 5XFAD HFD ***p < 0.0001). b Area under the curve (AUC) of the latencies for each group was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 8 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. This analysis revealed a significant effect for the genotype F(1,56) = 14.95, p < 0.001; for the M. parviflora treatment F(1,56) = 15.69, p < 0.001; for the genotype and diet interaction F(1,56) = 1.401, p = 0.24; for the M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,56) = 5.734, p = 0.02; for the genotype and M. parviflora treatment interaction F(1,56) = 2.328, p = 0.13; for the genotype, M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,56) = 2.467, p = 0.12. c Time (seconds; sec) to platform for each group during the probe trial (day eight) in the absence of platform. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. This analysis revealed a significant effect for the genotype F(1,56) = 15.46, p < 0.001; for the M. parviflora treatment F(1,56) = 25.97, p < 0.001; for diet F(1,56) = 0.5947, p = 0.44; for the genotype and diet interaction F(1,56) = 5.703, p = 0.02; for the M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,56) = 1.915, p = 0.17; for the genotype and M. parviflora treatment interaction F(1,56) = 5.131, p = 0.03; for the genotype, M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,56) = 0.04011, p = 0.84. d Representative swimming paths of mice during the probe trial on day eight are depicted. The hidden platform was located on the NW quadrant

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