Fig. 8

Malva parviflora hydroalcoholic extract attenuates microglia pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype in the cortex of 5XFAD mice. Total RNA was isolated from the cortex of Wt or 5XFAD mice fed with either normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) non-treated (Vehicle) or treated with MpHE (M. parviflora) for 8 months. a The transcript levels of CD86 (marker of M1 state) were determined by RT-qPCR as described in the “Methods” section. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 3 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. This analysis revealed a significant effect for the genotype F(1,16) = 42.45, p < 0.001; for the diet F(1,16) = 0.4022, p = 0.53; for the M. parviflora treatment F(1,16) = 29.79, p < 0.001; for the genotype and diet interaction F(1,16) = 0.04041, p = 0.84; for the M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,16) = 0.2594 p = 0.62; for the genotype and M. parviflora treatment interaction F(1,16) = 20.67 p < 0.001; for the genotype, M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,16) = 2.037, p = 0.17. b TNF (marker of M1 state) mRNA levels. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 3 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. This analysis revealed a significant effect for the genotype F(1,16) = 25.65 p < 0.001; for the diet F(1,16) = 5.758, p = 0.03; for the M. parviflora treatment F(1,16) = 32.4, p < 0.001; for the genotype and diet interaction F(1,16) = 4.955, p = 0.04; for the M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,16) = 2.259 p = 0.15; for the genotype and M. parviflora treatment interaction F(1,16) = 26.77 p < 0.001; for the genotype, M. parviflora treatment and diet interaction F(1,16) = 2.189, p = 0.16. c Mgl1 (marker of M2 state) mRNA levels. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 3 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, and d TREM-2 mRNA levels. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 3 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Microglia from 8-month-old Wt or 5XFAD mice were unstimulated or stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of MpHE (M. parviflora; 1 mg/mL) for 24 h. Control cells were treated with PBS (Ctrl) or MpHE alone (M. parviflora). Supernatants were used to determine TNF and IL6 levels by ELISA as described in the “Methods” section. e TNF levels. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 3 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. This analysis revealed a significant effect for the genotype F(1,16) = 7.878, p = 0.0127; for the LPS treatment F(1,16) = 17.74, p = 0.0007; for the M. parviflora treatment F(1,16) = 66.30, p < 0.0001; for the genotype and LPS treatment interaction F(1,16) = 6.105, p = 0.0251. f IL6 levels. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 3 animals per group. Statistical analysis was performed by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. This analysis revealed a significant effect for the genotype F(1,16) = 25.76, p = 0.0001; for the LPS treatment F(1,16) = 19.86, p = 0.0004; for the M. parviflora treatment F(1,16) = 309.3, p < 0.0001; for the genotype and LPS treatment interaction F(1,16) = 20.71, p = 0.0003