Fig. 6
The role of spinal reactive astrocytes in chronic pain. Astrocyte-microglia crosstalk and astrocyte-neuron crosstalk facilitate the development of chronic pain. For example, reactive astrocyte can receive multiple molecular signals from microglia as well as neuron and can secrete several of molecular signals that act on neuron and microglia thereby promoting the development of pain. TLR, toll-like receptor