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Table 1 Signalling molecules and receptors in astrocytes involved in pain regulation

From: An update on reactive astrocytes in chronic pain

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

TNF-α

IL-1β

IL-6

Chemokines

CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-5

CXCL-1

Receptors

TLR-4

TLR-2

Connexins

Cx30, Cx43

Intracellular kinases

MAPK:ERK1/2, P38, JNK

Proteases

tPA

MMP