Fig. 3From: Acute peripheral immune activation alters cytokine expression and glial activation in the early postnatal rat brainPeripheral immune stimulation broadly upregulates innate cytokine levels in the cortex and hippocampus. Cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar lysates were collected from rats 2 or 5 days following exposure and subjected to cytokine and chemokine analysis. a Concentrations of innate cytokines in the cortex, compared between experimental conditions. Data are collapsed between sex and day due to minimal differences seen; N = 15–20 per condition. b, c Cytokine levels from hippocampal lysates; black solid bars above certain analytes specify time point or sex-specific conditions. b Levels of several innate cytokines: GM-CSF collapsed between sex and day (N = 13–20 per condition), IL-1a, IL-1B shown at P12 only and MCP-1 in females collapsed between day (N = 7–10 per condition). c Hippocampal IL-6 levels across treatment and strain in female rats; N = 4–5 per condition. Data represent mean +/− SEM, *p < 0.005, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001Back to article page