Long-term use of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis increases Vδ1−Vδ2−Vγ9− γδ T cells that are associated with a better outcome

Table 3 Comparison of the percentages of cytokine-producing γδ T cell subsets between untreated MS patients, IFN-β-treated MS patients, and healthy controls

	Untreated MS (n = 34)	MS w/ IFN-β (n = 21)	HCs (n = 44)	p value (K-W test)	p^adj value
	Untreated MS (n = 34)	MS w/ IFN-β (n = 21)	HCs (n = 44)	p value (K-W test)	Untreated MS vs. HCs	MS w/ IFN-β vs. HCs	Untreated MS vs. MS w/ IFN-β
In Vδ1⁺ γδ T cells
IL-17A⁺	0.13 (0.00–0.49)	0.40 (0.02–1.03)	0.18 (0.01–0.72)	NS	–	–	–
IFN-γ⁺	36.0 (17.3–46.2)	29.6 (7.35–39.3)	45.8 (24.4–60.8)	0.012	0.017	0.004	NS
IL-17A⁺IFN-γ⁺	0.03 (0.00–0.13)	0.17 (0.00–0.55)	0.08 (0.00–0.31)	NS	–	–	–
IL-17A⁻IFN-γ⁻	64.0 (53.8–81.8)	69.3 (60.7–91.9)	54.1 (39.1–75.5)	0.011	0.016	0.004	NS
In Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells
IL-17A⁺	0.07 (0.00–0.42)	0.00 (0.00–1.63)	0.13 (0.01–0.52)	NS	–	–	–
IFN-γ⁺	43.1 (9.70–81.2)	39.4 (23.7–64.4)	83.6 (69.1–92.7)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	NS
IL-17A⁺IFN-γ⁺	0.00 (0.00–0.12)	0.00 (0.00–0.50)	0.11 (0.01–0.42)	0.011	NS	NS	NS
IL-17A⁻IFN-γ⁻	56.0 (18.7–90.2)	60.6 (35.7–76.4)	16.0 (7.30–30.9)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	NS
In Vδ1⁻Vδ2⁻ γδ T cells
IL-17A⁺	0.58 (0.26–1.40)	0.79 (0.40–1.87)	1.24 (0.66–2.81)	0.030	NS	NS	NS
IFN-γ⁺	29.1 (11.2–40.1)	18.3 (11.6–34.4)	47.1 (32.5–58.2)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	NS
IL-17A⁺IFN-γ⁺	0.23 (0.01–0.51)	0.41 (0.08–0.65)	0.35 (0.19–1.22)	NS	–	–	–
IL-17A⁻IFN-γ⁻	70.7 (59.4–88.4)	81.4 (64.7–87.8)	51.7 (41.3–66.9)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	NS

Values are the median (IQR). Percentages of each population are shown. Data from one untreated MS patients was missing
p values (K-W test) were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis analyses, and if they were statistically significant, then p^adj values were calculated using multivariate linear regression analyses adjusted for age and sex
HCs healthy controls, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, IQR interquartile ranges, K-W Kruskal-Wallis, MS multiple sclerosis, NS not significant, w/ with

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