Fig. 9

Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) or their extracellular vesicles (EVs) transplanted intra-arterially reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in the rat brain after focal brain injury. Quantitation of IL-1α (a), IL-1β (b), IL-6 (c), and TGF-β2 (d) protein levels detected in the rat brains of focal brain injured rats 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days after hBM-MSC or EV transplantation versus untreated or control rats. All data reflect mean ± SD from 6 animals. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001