Fig. 3

The expressions of peripheral and central pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in LPS mice. a The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in plasma samples were increased in the LPS group (n = 4). b The mRNA levels of Tnf-α, Il-1β and Il-6 in samples from the hippocampus were increased in the LPS group (n = 4). c The protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in samples from the hippocampus were increased in the LPS group. d The expression of p-ERK and p-CREB in the hippocampal CA1 region was increased in the LPS group (n = 4). Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; and ^***P < 0.001