Fig. 4

Lactate suppressed LPS-induced classical microglial polarization in BV2 cells. a, b Quantification of the mRNA levels of iNOS and PFKFB3 in the treatment of lactate and LPS in BV2 cells (n = 9 per group and errors represent S.E.M). *p < 0.05, **p, and ^##p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc. c–e Quantification of the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and Hif-1α in the treatment of lactate, pyruvate, and LPS in BV2 cells (n = 4–7 per group one-way ANOVA)