Fig. 3

PAP reduced ROS production via suppression of a NADPH oxidase subunit and upregulation of Nrf2/ARE signaling. a BV2 cells were treated with PAP 1 h prior to LPS stimulation for 16 h, and intracellular ROS level was measured by the DCF-DA method. b RT-PCR to assess mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase subunits (p47^phox, gp91^phox, p67^phox, and p22^phox) in BV2 cells. c Western blot analysis to assess phosphorylation of the p47^phox subunit. BV2 cells were treated with PAP 1 h followed by LPS (100 ng/mL, 30 min) and then subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against phospho-p47^phox. d EMSA to assess Nrf2 DNA binding activity. e Transient transfection analysis of ARE-luc reporter gene activity. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 vs. control group; ^#p < 0.05 vs. LPS-treated group