Fig. 2

Anesthesia and surgery-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus was attenuated by MEM treatment on day 1 post-surgery. a Representative images of Iba-1 (a marker of microglia) in the hippocampus. b Representative images of GFAP (a marker of astrocytes) in the hippocampus. c Quantification of Iba-1 fluorescence. d Quantification of GFAP fluorescence. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). *p < 0.05 compared to the con + veh group (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), ^#p < 0.05 compared to the sur + veh group (^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001). DAPI staining is shown in blue. Scale bar = 50 μm