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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: Neural networks and the anti-inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in depression

Fig. 3

Hypothesized mechanisms of taVNS in the treatment of depression: direct and indirect modulation of the activity and connectivity of the key brain regions involved in depression, reducing neuroinflammatory sensitization and modulating the autonomic nervous system. ACh = acetylcholine; CRP = C-reactive protein; IL = interleukin; LC = locus coeruleus; NE = norepinephrine; NTS = nucleus tractus solitarius; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α.

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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094