Study | Characteristics of MDD samples | MDD group | Brain regions | Method | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Real taVNS | Sham taVNS | ||||
Li et al. (2019) [75] | Treatment-resistant MDD | 1 | 0 | Increased connectivity between rACC and bilateral precuneus, bilateral insula, right dlPFC, left anterior cingulate cortex, left middle cingulate cortex | FC with rACC as seed |
Tu et al. (2018) [76] | Mild to moderate MDD | 41 | Â | Decreased connectivity between bilateral medial hypothalamus and rACC | FC with hypothalamic subregion as seed |
Wang et al. (2017) [77] | Mild to moderate MDD | 41 | Â | Increased FC between left nucleus accumbens and bilateral mPFC/rACC, and between right nucleus accumbens and left insula, occipital gyrus, and right lingual/fusiform gyrus | FC with nucleus accumbens as seed |
Fang et al. (2016) [78] | MDD | 25 | Â | Decreased FC between DMN and anterior insula and parahippocampus, and increased FC between DMN and precuneus and orbital prefrontal cortex | Independent component analysis |
Fang et al. (2016) [79] | MDD patients | 17 | 21 | fMRI signal increases in the left anterior insula | Task fMRI with taVNS or sham taVNS |
Liu et al. (2016) [36] | active and remitted MDD | 28 | 25 | Increased FC between right amygdala and left dlPFC | FC with right amygdala as seed |