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Fig. 8 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 8

From: Influenza vaccination in early Alzheimer’s disease rescues amyloidosis and ameliorates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting regulatory T cells

Fig. 8

Augmenting immunosuppression impaired microglial phagocytosis improved by IIV in APP/PS1 mice. a–d Representative microscopy images of amyloid plaques engulfed by microglia in the brains of the AD (a) (n = 8), AD+IIV (b) (n = 8), IIV+ATRA (c) (n = 6) and IIV+Vehicle (d) (n = 6) mice. Sections were stained for Aβ (Aβ, purple), Iba-1 (microglia, red) and CD68 (phagolysosomes, green). Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal image stacks showing red microglia, purple Aβ and green microglial phagolysosomes (colocalization of CD68 and Iba1) and merged images of microglia and white amyloid plaques within microglial phagolysosomes (colocalization of Aβ plaques and microglial phagolysosomes) (scale bar, 10 μm). e Quantification of the immunoactivity of Iba-1 surrounding Aβ plaques within the field in the AD, AD+IIV, IIV+ATRA and IIV+Vehicle groups (n > 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc analysis, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). f Assessment of the proportions of Aβ inside microglial phagolysosomes, normalized to microglial phagolysosomes, i.e., the Aβ internalization ratio, revealed a threefold decrease in Aβ internalization in the microglia in the IIV+ATRA group compared to that in the AD+IIV group (n > 5, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc analysis, *P < 0.05)

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