Fig. 10
From: Sustained hyperammonemia induces TNF-a IN Purkinje neurons by activating the TNFR1-NF-κB pathway
Microglia and astrocytes are already activated after only 1 week of hyperammonemia. Representative images of microglial (a, c) and astrocyte activation (e) in the white matter of the cerebellum are shown. The perimeter of microglial cells (b), cells expressing CD68 (d), and the GFAP-stained area (f) was evaluated. The values are the mean ± SEM of 3 rats per group. Values that were significantly different from those of the control rats are indicated by asterisks. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001. C VH = vehicle-treated control rats, HA VH = vehicle-treated hyperammonemic vehicle rats