Fig. 1

The experiment timelines indicating when each procedure was performed. a The rTMS stimulation for normal astrocytes. On day 0, equal number of astrocytes were seeded in growth medium. On day 1 and day 2, cells received rTMS stimulation for 10 min. After the stimulation, the cells were incubated in the cell incubator. At 24 h post the last stimulation, cells were harvested for indicated experiments. b rTMS stimulation for astrocytes exposed to OGD/R injury. Twenty-four hours after the seeding of astrocytes, the culture medium was changed into deoxygenated, glucose-free balanced salt solution and placed into a hypoxia chamber for 6 h. After this OGD injury, astrocytes were cultured with normal culture and received rTMS for 10 min. The second rTMS was performed at 24 h after reperfusion. Samples were collected at 24 h after the second stimulation. c A scheme of rTMS treatment in primary astrocytes. The cultured cells were divided into the sham group, the 1 Hz group, the 5 Hz group, and the 10 Hz group. rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. OGD oxygen and glucose deprivation, R reoxygenation, TUNEL terminal of dUTP nick end-labeling