Fig. 4

rTMS stimulation at 10 Hz inhibited neurotoxic and promoted neuroprotective polarization of primary astrocytes exposed to OGD/R injury. a, b mRNA expression of neurotoxic markers and neuroprotective markers in different groups (control, O/R, and O/R + rTMS) detected by qRT-PCR at 48 h post-reoxygenation. n = 3 per group. c, d Immunofluorescent staining of GFAP and neurotoxic markers (C3 and iNOS), anti-DAPI (blue) after indicated treatments. e, f Immunofluorescent staining of GFAP and neuroprotective markers (S100A10 and Arg1), anti-DAPI (blue) after indicated treatments. Scale bar = 50 μm. Images were representative of three independent experiments. n = 3 per group. Data are represented as mean ± SD; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. control astrocytes. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 vs O/R astrocytes. O/R oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation