Fig. 9

Administration of ACM collected from rTMS-regulated astrocytes alleviated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cognitive deficits. At 14 days post reperfusion, rats in indicated groups were applied for Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Latencies (a) and swimming path length (b) to find the platform in the learning stage. c Percentage of time spent in the platform quadrant in the probe trial. d The frequency of swimming across the platform location in the probe trial. e Representative track plots of rats in hidden platform test (top plots, “learning”) and probe trial stage (bottom plots, “memory”). Data are shown as mean ± SD; n = 10 per group; ***P < 0.001 vs. sham rats; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.05 vs. MCAO + ctrl ACM group. O/R oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation