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Fig. 8 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 8

From: Astroglial TLR9 antagonism promotes chemotaxis and alternative activation of macrophages via modulation of astrocyte-derived signals: implications for spinal cord injury

Fig. 8

A scheme summarizing the effects of ODN 2088-treated astrocytes on macrophages. TLR9 antagonism increases the release of CCL1 by astrocytes, which enhances macrophage chemotaxis. In contrast, CCL2 and CCL9 release are decreased in response to ODN 2088. This reduces the negative regulatory effect of CCL2 and CCL9 on M2 macrophage polarization and fosters the M2 phenotype

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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094