Fig. 1

GA induces hippocampal iron overload. a, b The hippocampal neurons were exposed to ketamine (Ket, 10 μM) or 3% sevoflurane (Sev) for 6 h at day 9 in vitro (DIV 9). The cytosolic iron levels (a) and mitochondrial iron levels (b) of hippocampal neurons were measured. c, d The rat pups at postnatal day (PND) 6 received ketamine (75 mg/kg) intraperitoneally or 3% sevoflurane 2 h inhalation daily for three consecutive days. The cytosolic iron levels (c) and mitochondrial iron levels (d) of rat hippocampus were measured. e, f The 15-month-old mice received ketamine (75 mg/kg) intraperitoneally or 3% sevoflurane 2 h inhalation daily for three consecutive days. The cytosolic iron levels (e) and mitochondrial iron levels (f) of the mouse hippocampus were measured. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6); *p < 0.05 compared with Con group; ^#p < 0.05 compared with the GA (Ket or Sev) group