Fig. 1
From: Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy
Microglia (purple, left), astrocytes (pink, bottom), and neurons (red, upper right) are activated and altered after TBI. Cytokines interleukin-1α, TNF, and complement component 1 subcomponent q (C1q) are secreted by activated microglia and can induce the A1 astrocyte phenotype. Astrocytes suffer gap junction uncoupling and have impaired neurotransmitter (NT) clearance and metabolic recycling from synapses. Cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and chemokine CCL2 are secreted in high concentrations creating a neuroinflammatory milieu. Cells adapted from Blausen Medical Gallery [58]