Fig. 4

Minocycline reverted the A1/A2 ratio of reactive astrocytes and relieved mechanical allodynia in rats after SMIR. Minocycline or vehicle was intrathecally injected to rats immediately and for seven consecutive days after SMIR. a Mechanical allodynia was evaluated using paw withdraw threshold tests at days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 after injection with vehicle or minocycline (n = 10). b, c Representative blots and quantification of C3 and S100A10 in the spinal cords of SMIR rats after injection with vehicle or minocycline (n = 5). Compared with the SMIR+vehicle group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; compared with baseline, ^####P < 0.0001. d, e Double immunofluorescence staining for C3 (red) or S100A10 (red) and GFAP (green) in the spinal cords of the SMIR+vehicle group rats at day 14 after surgery or SMIR+minocycline rats at days 7, 14, and 21 after surgery (n = 3). BL: baseline; d: day; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; ipsi: ipsilateral; SMIR: skin/muscle incision and retraction