Table 3 The relationship between inflammation and cognitive impairment in OSAS animal model
Reference | Experiment animal | Control animal | Detecting parameter | Cognitive dysfunction | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dong et al. 2018 [135] | V + CIH; SEV + CIH | V + RA; SEV + RA | TNF-α, IL-1β, activity of microglia, and expression and activity of PPAR-γ in hippocampus | Impaired spatial learning and memory in experiment group. SEV exaggerated the cognitive deficits | V + CIH showing increased TNF-α, IL-1β levels and microglia activity. SEV aggravated microglia-mediated inflammation via downregulation of PPAR-γ |
Sapin et al. 2015 [136] | C57BL/6J mice + IH | C57BL/6J mice + RA | CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, ICAM-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA and microglial changes in the dH and vH regions of hippocampus | NA | Experiment group showing increased density and morphological features of microglia priming in dH; IL-1β and RANTES/CCL5 mRNA increased in dH of experiment group |
Shi et al. 2018 [137] | C57BL/6J mice + IH; T2DM + IH | C57BL/6J mice + RA; T2DM + RA | Hippocampal neurons apoptosis, microglia activity, HMGB1, NF-κB-p65, TNF-α and IL-1β | Longer escape latency; Reduced numbers of platform crossing and percentage of time spent in the fourth quadrant in Morris water maze of experiment group | All the parameters were significantly increased in experiment group |
Snyder et al. 2017 [138] | Adult male rats + CIH | Adult male rats + RA | IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α and IFN-γ protein levels and OS levels in brain tissue | NA | Exposure to CIH increases inflammation and OS levels in brain regions associated with neurodegenerative diseases |
Darnall et al. 2017 [139] | Rat pups + CIH | Rat pups + RA | Gro/CXCL1 in plasma; IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, KC/GRO and TNF-α in brain tissue and NSE | NA | Increased plasma levels of Gro/CXCL1, cerebellar levels of IFN-γ and IL-1β and NSE in rat pups + CIH |
Kim et al. 2013 [140] | ALS + CIH; Wt-CIH | ALS + RA; Wt-RA | NF-κB inhibitor alpha, 4-HNE, anti-GFAP and motor neuron counts | Impaired spatial memory in mice exposed to CIH | ALS + CIH showing poor motor learning and spatial memory, higher levels of OS and inflammation and elevated motor neuron death |
Block et al. 2003 [141] | Adult rats + IH | Adult rats + RA | Gene expression of TLR4 and mRNA levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in microglia | NA | All the parameters showing increase in IH group |
Deng et al. 2015 [142] | V + CIH; atorvastatin + CIH | V + RA; atorvastatin + RA | TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA, SOD; expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TRIF mRNA and protein; neuronal cell damage in hippocampus CA1 region | NA | All parameters except SOD were increased in V + CIH mice. V + CIH showing lower SOD level. Atorvastatin attenuated all these changes |
Burckhardt et al. 2008 [143] | V + IH; GTP + IH | V + RA; GTP + RA | PGE2, RAGE, the ratio of RAGE/β-actin, GFAP, MDA, and p47phox in brain tissue | GTP attenuated IH-induced spatial learning deficits | All parameters were significantly increased in brain tissue of experiment group. GTP alleviated the IH induced inflammation and OS in the brain |
Lam et al. 2015 [144] | V + CIH; LBPs + CIH | V + RA; LBPs + RA | TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, NFκB, MDA, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx-1), ER stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus | LBPs reversed CIH-induced spatial memory deficits | V + CIH showing increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, NFκB, ER stress, OS and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus. LBPs decreased inflammation and OS levels and improved cognitive deficits |
Deng et al. 2015 [145] | V + CIH; BBG + CIH | V + RA; BBG + RA | P2X7R mRNA and protein, NFκB, TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, IL-18, NOX2, SOD, MDA in the hippocampus | BBG improved spatial learning performance in mice exposed to CIH | All parameters showing highest increases in the hippocampus of V + CIH; BBG alleviated CIH induced inflammation, OS, neural injury and cognition deficits |
Yuan et al. 2015 [146] | V + CIH; Telmisartan + CIH | V + RA; Telmisartan + RA | Plasma CRP and IL-6; MDA, NOS, NO and apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 region | NA | All parameters showing highest increases in V + CIH. Telmisartan decreased inflammation and OS levels and hippocampal apoptosis |
Row et al. 2004 [147] | PAFR–/– mice + IH; Wt + IH | PAFR–/– mice +RA; Wt +RA | NOS activity, COX-2 and PGE2 in cortical; caspase 3 in cortex and CA1 region of hippocampus | Impaired spatial learning showing in Wt + IH but not PAFR–/– mice + IH | Wt + IH showing the highest levels of all the parameters. PAFR–/– alleviated neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the brain |