Fig. 9.

Schematic for the mechanisms of CBH induces M1 phenotype of microglial polarization. CBH downregulates miR-195 and may induce microglial polarization toward to M1 phenotype in two ways: (1) downregulated miR-195 upregulates the expression of CX3CL1 by binding with the 3′UTR of Cx3cl1 gene in neuron that were subsequently released and bound to its receptor CX3CR1 in microglia, which further results in the microglial polarization toward M1 phenotype; (2) downregulated miR-195 upregulates the expression of CX3CR1 by binding with the 3′UTR of Cx3cr1 gene in microglia and results in the microglial polarization toward M1 phenotype directly