Fig. 3
Learned helpless mice exhibited impaired novel object recognition and spatial memory. Male wild-type mice were subjected or not (NS) to the learned helplessness paradigm and separated into 2 groups: non-learned helpless (NLH) and learned helpless (LH) mice, according to their number of failures out of 30 escapable shock trials, and learning and memory were assessed the next day. a Timeline of the experiment. The percentage of a mouse’s total object exploration time spent exploring the familiar (F) and novel (N) objects (b) and the total time (s) mice spent engaged in exploration of both the familiar and novel objects combined (c) in the novel object recognition test were reported. Each dot represents a mouse. Two-way ANOVA, F(2,90)interaction = 15.53, F(1,90)treatment = 56.16, F(2,90)condition = 4.238 × 10−14, Bonferroni post hoc test, *p < 0.05, compared to % time spent with familiar object, bars represent means ± SEM, n = 14–18 mice/group. d The percentage of a mouse’s total maze exploration time spent exploring the start (S), familiar (F), and novel (N) arms in the two-trial Y-maze test was measured in a different cohort of mice than b, c. Each dot represents a mouse. Two-way ANOVA, F(4,84)interaction = 5.373, F(2,84)treatment = 11.68, F(2,84)condition = 7.654 × 10−14, Fisher’s least significant difference test, *p < 0.05, compared to % time spent exploring familiar arm, bars represent means ± SEM, n = 9–12 mice/group