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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: IL-22 hinders antiviral T cell responses and exacerbates ZIKV encephalitis in immunocompetent neonatal mice

Fig. 3

IL-22 deficiency results in decreased microglia and astrocyte activation. Neonatal WT and IL-22-/- mice (4–5/group) were s.c. infected with ZIKV and sacrificed at 13 dpi. a Immunostaining of IBA-1 (microglia cells) and GFAP (astrocytes) in the cerebral cortex. Scale bars, 25 μm. b The IBA-1 and GFAP-positive staining areas were measured using ImageJ software. The percentages were calculated as follows: positive staining area/total areas of the image. c Cell numbers were expressed as counts/field of view. d The morphology of microglia was analyzed using ImageJ Skeletonize2D/3D plugin. The middle row of images represents the rectangular area of view in upper images. The lower images represent the results of skeletonization. e The process length was measured using AnalyzeSkeleton plugin of ImageJ and calculated as process length per cell. All experiments were repeated twice independently. Data are shown as means ± SEM. A two-tailed Student’s t test was used to compare the two groups in panel a. One-way ANOVA was used to compare three groups in panel e. ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001

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