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Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: Immunoregulation of microglial polarization: an unrecognized physiological function of α-synuclein

Fig. 2

Treatment with monomeric α-Syn attenuates pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic effects of oligomers. a α-Syn (100 nM) pre-treatment (2 h) reduces iNOS expression in microglia following oligomeric α-Syn treatment (n = 3 independent experiments). b Densitometric analysis of relative intensity iNOS expression. c Densitometric analysis of relative intensity ARG-1 expression. d Oligomeric α-Syn (100 pg/ml and 400 pg/ml) promoted iNOS expression in microglia incrementally. e α-Syn (100 nM) pre-treatment (6 h) reduces iNOS expression in microglia following oligomeric α-Syn treatment for another 6 h. f α-Syn (100 nM) pre-treatment (12 h) reduces iNOS expression in microglia following oligomeric α-Syn treatment for another 12 h. g Co-treatment of microglia by monomeric and oligomeric α-Syn for 12 h induces iNOS expression. h F-actin of neurons was stained with TRITC phalloidin under treatment by conditioned media. (Scale bar = 10 μm). i Neurite lengths are estimated under different conditioned media treatment (n = 3 replications each containing 15–20 fields). j Cell viabilities of neurons are detected by CCK-8 assay after treatment with monomeric α-Syn, α-Syn oligomer, or pre-treatment α-Syn plus oligomer conditioned media from 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h (n = 5 independent experiments with 5 replications). One-way ANOVA with Newman Keuls multiple comparison test. Bar graphs show mean + s.e.m.*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01***; p < 0.001

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