Table 1 Association of the pro-inflammatory cytokine with the AD
From: The effect of insomnia on development of Alzheimer’s disease
| Cytokine | CNS origin | Aβ deposition | Neurons | Tau protein | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1 | Astrocytes, Glial cells, Neurons | ↑ |
Death of neurons ↑ Invasion of neutrophils into CNS ↑ Release of toxins from glial and endothelial cells↑ | Tau phosphorylation ↑ | [199,200,201,202,203] |
| IL-6 | Microglia, Astrocytes | ~ | Anti-apoptotic | Tau phosphorylation↑ | [204,205,206] |
| IL-18 | Activated microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, neurons | ↑ | Pro-apoptotic | Phosphorylation of tau↑ | [207,208,209] |
| IFN-ɣ | T cells, Glia, Neurons | ↑ | Neural degeneration ↑ | phosphorylation of tau↑ | [210,211,212,213] |
| TNF-α | Microglia, Astrocytes, Neurons | ↑ | Pro-apoptotic | Tau phosphorylation↑ | [214,215,216] |
| IL-12 | Glial cells , Activated blood monocytes | Aβ deposition↑ | Pro-apoptotic ↑ | Tau levels in CSF ↑ | [217, 218] |