Escalating morphine dosing in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice with sustained Tat exposure reveals an allostatic shift in neuroinflammatory regulation accompanied by increased neuroprotective non-endocannabinoid lipid signaling molecules and amino acids

Hermes, Douglas J.; Jacobs, Ian R.; Key, Megan C.; League, Alexis F.; Yadav-Samudrala, Barkha J.; Xu, Changqing; McLane, Virginia D.; Nass, Sara R.; Jiang, Wei; Meeker, Rick B.; Ignatowska-Jankowska, Bogna M.; Lichtman, Aron H.; Li, Zibo; Wu, Zhanhong; Yuan, Hong; Knapp, Pamela E.; Hauser, Kurt F.; Fitting, Sylvia

doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01971-6

Journal of Neuroinflammation

Table 2 Effects of Tat and morphine on microglial morphology in the striatum and spinal cord of Tat transgenic mice

From: Escalating morphine dosing in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice with sustained Tat exposure reveals an allostatic shift in neuroinflammatory regulation accompanied by increased neuroprotective non-endocannabinoid lipid signaling molecules and amino acids

CNS region	Measure	Genotype	Repeated saline	Repeated morphine	Genotype effect		Drug effect		Genotype x drug
			mean ± SEM	mean ± SEM	F_{1, 56}	p	F_{1, 56}	p	F_{1, 56}	p
Striatum	Soma area (μm²)	Tat(−)	51.1 ± 2.16	46.7 ± 2.98	< 1.0	0.49	2.9	0.09	< 1.0	0.96
	Soma area (μm²)	Tat(+)	49.2 ± 2.41	45.1 ± 2.00	< 1.0	0.49	2.9	0.09	< 1.0	0.96
	Maximum branch length (μm)	Tat(−)	35.3 ± 3.32	32.5 ± 2.59	< 1.0	0.59	< 1.0	0.84	1.7	0.20
	Maximum branch length (μm)	Tat(+)	30.7 ± 1.90	34.4 ± 2.19	< 1.0	0.59	< 1.0	0.84	1.7	0.20
	Critical radius (μm)	Tat(−)	14.6 ± 1.56	13.4 ± 1.35	< 1.0	0.51	< 1.0	0.97	< 1.0	0.63
	Critical radius (μm)	Tat(+)	14.4 ± 1.76	15.6 ± 1.20	< 1.0	0.51	< 1.0	0.97	< 1.0	0.63
	Number of primary process	Tat(−)	4.8 ± 0.56	4.1 ± 0.30	2.8	0.10	< 1.0	0.92	2.8	0.10
	Number of primary process	Tat(+)	3.5 ± 0.29	4.1 ± 0.45	2.8	0.10	< 1.0	0.92	2.8	0.10
	Process maximum	Tat(−)	6.8 ± 0.83	5.3 ± 0.60	< 1.0	0.93	< 1.0	0.70	2.3	0.13
	Process maximum	Tat(+)	5.5 ± 1.00	6.4 ± 0.77	< 1.0	0.93	< 1.0	0.70	2.3	0.13
	Process total	Tat(−)	21.5 ± 3.02	16.1 ± 2.20	< 1.0	0.89	< 1.0	0.70	2.1	0.16
	Process total	Tat(+)	16.9 ± 3.49	19.9 ± 2.77	< 1.0	0.89	< 1.0	0.70	2.1	0.16
Spinal cord	Soma area (μm²)	Tat(−)	48.5 ± 3.42	50.9 ± 3.79	4.2	0.04	3.8	0.06	1.5	0.23
	Soma area (μm²)	Tat(+)	51.4 ± 2.45	62.2 ± 3.73	4.2	0.04	3.8	0.06	1.5	0.23
	Maximum branch length (μm)	Tat(−)	35.1 ± 2.59	36.2 ± 2.71	< 1.0	0.51	< 1.0	0.66	< 1.0	0.98
	Maximum branch length (μm)	Tat(+)	33.4 ± 2.32	34.6 ± 2.19	< 1.0	0.51	< 1.0	0.66	< 1.0	0.98
	Critical radius (μm)	Tat(−)	16.7 ± 1.98	15.6 ± 1.20	< 1.0	0.44	< 1.0	0.98	< 1.0	0.61
	Critical radius (μm)	Tat(+)	17.2 ± 2.28	18.1 ± 2.04	< 1.0	0.44	< 1.0	0.98	< 1.0	0.61
	Number of primary process	Tat(−)	2.3 ± 0.28	2.7 ± 0.33	< 1.0	0.81	1.5	0.23	5.0	0.03
	Number of primary process	Tat(+)	3.2 ± 0.47	2.0 ± 0.20	< 1.0	0.81	1.5	0.23	5.0	0.03
	Process maximum	Tat(−)	3.6 ± 0.31	4.6 ± 0.57	< 1.0	0.81	< 1.0	0.78	5.4	0.02
	Process maximum	Tat(+)	4.8 ± 0.58	3.6 ± 0.27	< 1.0	0.81	< 1.0	0.78	5.4	0.02
	Process total	Tat(−)	11.5 ± 1.56	15.7 ± 2.30	< 1.0	0.58	< 1.0	0.95	5.1	0.03
	Process total	Tat(+)	14.6 ± 1.75	10.6 ± 1.22	< 1.0	0.58	< 1.0	0.95	5.1	0.03

Sholl analysis of microglial morphology in the striatum and spinal cord of repeated (8-day) saline- or morphine-treated Tat(−) and Tat(+) mice. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. The parameters measured by Sholl analysis are indicated in parentheses in the second column. One-way ANOVAs for each CNS region were conducted with genotype and drug as between-subjects factors. F values and p values are presented from ANOVA results. Bolded values denote significant differences at α = 0.05; mean ± SEM, n = 3–4 mice per group/4 sections each

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ISSN: 1742-2094

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