Escalating morphine dosing in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice with sustained Tat exposure reveals an allostatic shift in neuroinflammatory regulation accompanied by increased neuroprotective non-endocannabinoid lipid signaling molecules and amino acids

Table 6 Effects of Tat and morphine on amino acid levels (pg/mg) in the striatum and spinal cord of Tat transgenic mice that were not significantly altered by Tat and/or morphine for any of the two CNS regions

CNS Region	Lipids	Geno-type	Repeated Saline	Repeated Morphine	Genotype Effect		Drug Effect		Genotype x Drug
	pg/mg		mean ± SEM	mean ± SEM	F_{1, 13}	p	F_{1, 13}	p	F_{1, 13}	p
Striatum	Arginine	Tat(−)	68.5 ± 4.98	78.5 ± 8.12	< 1.0	0.81	3.3	0.09	< 1.0	0.81
	Arginine	Tat(+)	68.5 ± 4.26	76.1 ± 2.85	< 1.0	0.81	3.3	0.09	< 1.0	0.81
	Aspartic Acid	Tat(−)	2937.1 ± 147.50	2943.6 ± 323.69	< 1.0	0.83	< 1.0	0.80	< 1.0	0.78
	Aspartic Acid	Tat(+)	3049.2 ± 240.15	2927.9 ± 207.52	< 1.0	0.83	< 1.0	0.80	< 1.0	0.78
	Glutamic Acid	Tat(−)	9774.8 ± 373.58	9707.57 ± 964.41	< 1.0	0.80	< 1.0	0.66	< 1.0	0.58
	Glutamic Acid	Tat(+)	9605.3 ± 737.84	10,171.0 ± 259.75	< 1.0	0.80	< 1.0	0.66	< 1.0	0.58
	Glycine	Tat(−)	1276.5 ± 120.56	1375.7 ± 150.47	< 1.0	0.59	< 1.0	0.63	< 1.0	0.79
	Glycine	Tat(+)	1240.2 ± 162.27	1269.0 ± 81.91	< 1.0	0.59	< 1.0	0.63	< 1.0	0.79
Spinal Cord	Arginine	Tat(−)	60.4 ± 4.37	66.7 ± 16.23	1.5	0.24	2.9	0.11	< 1.0	0.40
	Arginine	Tat(+)	63.1 ± 1.99	82.3 ± 6.92	1.5	0.24	2.9	0.11	< 1.0	0.40
	Aspartic Acid	Tat(−)	3237.1 ± 134.52	3031.0 ± 742.06	< 1.0	0.64	< 1.0	0.90	< 1.0	0.47
	Aspartic Acid	Tat(+)	3148.3 ± 241.28	3442.9 ± 293.20	< 1.0	0.64	< 1.0	0.90	< 1.0	0.47
	Glutamic Acid	Tat(−)	6286.3 ± 403.32	5867.4 ± 1186.47	< 1.0	0.99	< 1.0	0.65	< 1.0	0.77
	Glutamic Acid	Tat(+)	6128.7 ± 252.56	6031.6 ± 418.03	< 1.0	0.99	< 1.0	0.65	< 1.0	0.77
	Glycine	Tat(−)	4221.2 ± 165.88	3868.8 ± 780.64	< 1.0	0.97	< 1.0	0.63	1.8	0.20
	Glycine	Tat(+)	3647.5 ± 367.56	4414.7 ± 405.38	< 1.0	0.97	< 1.0	0.63	1.8	0.20

Levels of amino acids in the striatum and spinal cord of repeated (8-day) saline- or morphine-treated Tat(−) and Tat(+) mice were not significantly affected by Tat and/or morphine for any of the two CNS regions. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM in pg/mg. Two-way ANOVAs for each CNS region were conducted with genotype and drug as between-subjects factors. F values and p values are presented from ANOVA results. n = 3–5 mice per group. All significant effects are represented in Fig. 8

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