Fig. 2
VB attenuated Aβ1-42-induced U251 cell apoptosis. a VB increased cell viability that had been reduced by Aβ1-42 exposure, but failed to improve cell viability alone (n = 6/group). The data are presented as mean ± SEM. ###p < 0.001 vs. CTRL, and *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 vs. Aβ1-42-exposed U251 cells. b VB reduced the apoptotic rate of Aβ1-42-exposed U251 cells (n = 4/group). c Fluorescence microscopy showed that VB suppressed the Ca2+ flux caused by Aβ1-42 (scale bar: 50 μm, magnification × 20) (n = 4/group). d Fluorescence microscopy showed that VB suppressed the over-accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (scale bar: 50 μm, magnification × 20) (n = 4/group). e TEM analysis showed that VB improved ER and mitochondrial morphology. The expansion of ER was marked by yellow arrows, the mitochondrial cavitation was marked by blue arrows, the mitochondrial electron density increase was marked by pink arrows, and the space around the nucleus was marked by green arrows (scale bar 5 μm, magnification × 0.7 k) (scale bar 5 μm, magnification × 1.0 k) (scale bar 2 μm, magnification × 2.0 k) (n = 4/group)