Fig. 4
The protection of VB against AD-like symptoms in APP/PS1 mice. a TUNEL staining showed that VB reduced neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Apoptotic cells are marked with red arrows. b VB suppressed the levels of Aβ1-42 in the mouse hippocampus on thioflavin-S staining. Aβ plaques are marked with red arrows. c VB reduced the expression levels of Aβ1-42 in the mouse hippocampus. Aβ plaques are marked with red arrows. d Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis showed that VB reduced the concentrations of Aβ1-42 in mouse brains and increased the concentrations of Aβ1-42 in sera. The data are presented as mean ± SEM. #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. WT mice, and *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 vs. APP/PS1 mice. e VB decreased the high concentrations of phosphorylated tau protein in mouse hippocampus. NFTs are marked with red arrows. f VB inhibited the 4-HNE protein expression levels in the mouse hippocampus. 4-HNE is marked with red arrows. g VB decreased the concentrations of MANF protein in the mouse hippocampus. MANF is marked with red arrows. h VB showed no significant pathologic alteration of the mouse hippocampus via H&E staining. The magnification is × 4 and × 20, and the scale bar is 200 and 50 μm, respectively, for all image pairs except for a, where the magnification is × 10 and the scale bar is 100 μm. n = 3/group for all of the tests except for d, where n = 8/group