Fig. 4

Gly inhibited d-galactose-induced activation of inflammatory proteins in the hippocampus of mice brain. a The Western blot analysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 βeta (IL-1βeta), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) protein expression level in the hippocampus of mice The cropped bands were quantified using ImageJ software, and the differences are represented in the histogram. The density values are expressed in arbitrary units (A.U.) as the mean ± SEM for the respective indicated protein. An anti-β-actin antibody was used as a loading control. n = 8 mice/group, and the number of experiments performed N = 3. b, c The immunofluorescence images represent the immunoreactivity of IL-1βeta (green, FITC; Blue, DAPI) in cortex and hippocampus of mice (d) The immunofluorescence images represent the immunoreactivity of GFAP (green, FITC; blue, DAPI) in cortex and hippocampus (CA-1 and DG regions) of mice The relative integrated density values are represented in arbitrary units (A.U) as the means (± S.E.M) for the respective indicated proteins. DAPI (blue) was used for nucleus staining. n = 8 mice/group, and the number of experiments = 3. Magnification × 40. Scale bar; 50 μm = cortices; DG hippocampal regions =100 μm. Asterisk (*) sign indicated significant difference from the normal saline-treated group; hash (#) sign indicated significant difference from d-gal-treated group; while the phi (Φ) sign indicated no significance from normal saline-treated control group. Significance: *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001; #P ≤ 0.05, ##P ≤ 0.01.