Fig. 5

Effect of SIS3 and LPS on proinflammatory factors in microglia cultures. a Representative figures of Smad3, pSmad3, and proinflammatory factor expression (western blotting). b, c Histogram represents quantitation of pSmad3 (b) and Smad3 (c) normalized to corresponding GAPDH. d–g mRNA levels of IL-1β (d), IL-6 (e), iNOS (f), and TNF-α (g) were detected by RT-qPCR. h–j Histogram represents quantitation of IL-1β (h), IL-6 (i), and iNOS (j) normalized to corresponding GAPDH. (k) ROS production was determined by DCFHDA. It was particularly important to add TGF-β1 to all groups. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. N = 6. *p < 0.05, compared with the cultures treated with vehicle; #p < 0.01, compared with the cultures treated with vehicle; ▼p < 0.01, compared with the cultures treated with vehicle, SIS3, or LPS; +p < 0.05, compared with the cultures treated with SIS3 or LPS. LPS, lipopolysaccharide (300 ng/ml); SIS3 (10 μM)