Fig. 1

GelMA hydrogel biophysical parameters and experimental schematic. a Mechanical testing results of GelMA hydrogel confirmed its physiologically relevant Young’s modulus (1.04 ± 0.10 kPa; n = 14). b Schematic representation of the culture system, that either has a single type of cell-seeded hydrogel disk per well (GBM single, MG single) or contains two distinct hydrogel disks (GBM-MG co-culture). GBM-MG co-culture allows soluble signaling without physical GBM-MG contact