Fig. 1
Neuroimaging data of six selected patients (a–f). Left, MRI; middle, FDG-PET; right, [11C] DPA713PET. a Patient 2. MRI showed ulegyria in the right occipital cortex. In this area, hypometabolism, as indicated by FDG-PET, and increased [11C] DPA713 uptake, as indicated by TSPO PET, were observed. b Patient 3 had low-grade gliomas with a high-intensity area in the middle temporal cortex, as indicated by FLAIR-MRI. Increased [11C] DPA713 uptake on TSPO PET was clearly visible compared with hypometabolism on FDG-PET. C, In patient 5, the right hippocampus showed subtle atrophy, but no obvious high intensity, on FLAIR-MRI and hypometabolism on FDG-PET. In addition, the right hippocampus showed clearly increased [11C] DPA713 uptake on TSPO PET. d Patient 9 with 1p36 deletion syndrome showed broad cortical malformation in the right hemisphere on T1-MRI. Although FDG-PET showed hypometabolism in the right temporo-occipital area and hypermetabolism in the right insula-inferior frontal area, TSPO PET demonstrated clearly increased [11C] DPA713 uptake in the right hemispheric cortex. e Patient 10 with TSC showed high intensity in the left frontal and right parietal cortex on FLAIR-MRI, suggesting cortical tubers. FDG-PET showed patchy hypometabolism, but the increased uptake area of [11C] DPA713 was easy to determine using TSPO PET. F, Patient 15 had atrophy caused by herpes encephalitis in the left temporal cortex and hippocampus on MRI. Although FDG-PET showed broad hypometabolism not only in the left temporal cortex but also in the right temporal cortex, TSPO PET found that the increased uptake area of [11C] DPA713 was restricted in the left temporal cortex. Findings obtained from patient 19, who had Landau-Kleffner syndrome (g–i). EEG showed a continuous spike-wave pattern, and the bilateral-centro-parieto-temporal discharges were predominantly observed in the right hemisphere (g). MRI showed no obvious abnormality (h), and TSPO PET revealed increased [11C] DPA713 uptake in the bilateral postcentral gyri and right hippocampus (i)