Table 3 Stroke therapy related to T cells

Mouse model

Increasing Th2 cells and promoting polarization of microglia to the healing M2 phenotype

Exerting the function of IL-4

Zhao et al. [124]

Mouse model

Decreasing NK, CD8⁺ T and CD4⁺ T cells infiltrating the brain

Exerting the function of IL-15

Lee et al. [126]

Mouse model

Blocking T cell-derived IL-21 to reduce CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells infiltrating the brain and attenuate neuronal autography

Exerting the function of IL-21

Clarkson et al. [127]

Male mouse model

Suppressing Th1 cell response as well as improving Treg cell response

Downregulating the expression of the transcription factor T-bet and upregulating the expression of GATA-3 and Foxp3

Xiao et al. [128]

Mouse model/clinical trial

Increasing the appearance of CD8⁺ regulatory T cells in the lesioned brain and decreasing CNS infiltrating immune cells

Unclear

Bodhankar et al. [129], Zhang et al.

Mouse model

Attenuating the infiltration of T cells into injured brain tissue and promoting polarization of microglia to the healing M2 phenotype

Reducing the production of CCL3, CCL17, CXCL10 and CXCL12 to decrease the quantity of T cells

Cai et al. [130]

Rat model

Attenuating the recruitment of T cell in post-stroke injured brain

Reducing blood-brain barrier disruption

Dietel et al. [131]

Rat model

Inducing Treg differentiation

Promoting accumulation of iDC to secrete IL-2 to induce Treg differentiation

Lee et al. [132]

Mouse model

Balancing peripheral regulatory T cells/T helper 17 (Th17) cells

Inhibiting the ACC1 enzyme

Wang et al. [133]

Mouse model

Expanding and amplifying Treg cells that produce IL-10

Boosting the production of IL-10

Na et al. [134]

Vitro study

Reducing the activation of T cells

Unclear

Tang et al. [135]

Male DR2-Tg mice

Inhibiting the activation or infiltration of CD3⁺ T cells and other proinflammatory cells

Modulating T cell functional properties and blocking immune cells infiltrating the brain

Zhu et al. [136]

Mouse/rat model

Inhibiting the activation of CD8⁺ T and CD4⁺ T cells

Inhibiting HMGB1 release, which promoted T cell proliferation

Xiong et al. [137]

Mouse model

Reducing Th17/γδ T cell response and increasing Treg cell response

Reducing the expression of proinflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-1β, IL-23a, TGF-β and NADPH oxidase-2 and expression of the transcription factor, ROR-γ

Evans et al. [138]

Animal model/clinical trial

Reducing proinflammatory cells including CD3⁺ T, CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cells and promoting Tregs

Relating to multiple mechanisms of action

Mays et al. [139]

Mouse model

Increasing regulatory T cells and reducing IL-17⁺ γδ T cells

Altering dendritic cell activity to induce Treg cell differentiation more effectively

Benakis et al. [140]

Mouse model

Increasing the number and/or function of Treg

Unclear

Xia et al. [141]

 Brain antigen/intranasal instillation

MBP

Male rat model

Suppressing Th1 response and increasing the probability of Tr1, Th3 or other Tregs responses

Inducing mucosal tolerance

Gee et al. [142]

E-selection

SHR-SP rat model

Chen et al. [143]

MOG

Female rat model

Frenkel et al. [144]

Rat model

Reducing CD8⁺ cells infiltrating the injured brain

Reducing the expression of ICAM-1 on endothelial cells in the brain to inhibit adhesion of cytotoxic T cells infiltrating the brain parenchyma

Kuric et al. [145]

Clinical trial

Blocking T cell infiltration into the brain

Blockade of the α4-β1 integrin on leukocytes

Veltkamp et al. [146], Fu et al. [147]

Clinical trial

Reducing peripheral lymphocytes

An oral S1P receptor modulator that sequesters lymphocytes to lymph nodes

Veltkamp et al. [131], Fu et al. [147]