Fig. 10
Intestinal inflammation alters hippocampal expression of neuropathology, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmission-related genes in Sham-injured mice. Volcano plot of differential gene expression between Sham and Sham+DSS mice a. Pathway expression scores comparing Sham and Sham+DSS mice. Scores for activated microglia, disease association and lipid metabolism were significantly increased in Sham+DSS mice b, (left panel), while unfolded protein response and chromatin modification was decreased in Sham+DSS mice b, (right panel). Normalized gene expression changes in Sham+DSS vs Sham mice for genes involved in microglial activation and inflammation c, the immunoproteasome and unfolded protein response d, neuronal structure, plasticity, and connectivity e and neurotransmission f. qPCR confirmation of selected genes associated with neuroinflammation, (Tspo, Cybb, Il1rn, Psmb9, Cd68, Gfap; g–k) and neuronal structure, plasticity, and connectivity (Mmp 2 and Arc; m, n) in all experimental groups. Pathway scores, normalized gene expression and qPCR data expressed as mean ± s.e.m (n = 5–7/group). b * p < 0.05 vs Sham, *** p < 0.001 vs Sham. g–n * p < 0.05 vs Naïve/Sham, ** p < 0.01 vs Naïve/Sham, *** p < 0.001 vs Naïve, **** p < 0.0001 vs Sham, ^ p < 0.05 vs Naïve+DSS, ^^ p < 0.01 vs Naïve+DSS, ^^^ p < 0.001 vs Naïve+DSS, # p < 0.05 vs Sham+DSS, ## p < 0.01 vs Sham+DSS, + p < 0.005 vs Sham. Abbreviations: ; Adra2a, Adrenoceptor Alpha 2A; Arc, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein; Tspo, translocator protein; Ccnd1, cyclin D1; Cd68, cluster of differentiation 68; Cd9, cluster of differentiation 9; Cdc40, cyclin division cycle 40; Cxcl16, chemokine ligand 16; Cybb, cytochrome b-245 beta chain; Ddi3t, DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3; Drd2, dopamine receptor D2; Fos, fos proto-oncogene; Gfap, glial factor activating protein; Hsbp1, heat-shock binding protein 1; Il1rn, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; Kcnb1, potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1; Mmp2, matrix metalloprotease 2; Naglu, alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase; Nr4a2, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2; Phf21a, PHD finger protein 21A; Psmb8,9, proteasome 20S subunit beta 8,9; Ptgs2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; Prpf3, pre-mRNA processing factor 3; Tbp, TATA box binding protein; Xbp1, X-box binding protein 1