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Fig. 12 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 12

From: Acute colitis during chronic experimental traumatic brain injury in mice induces dysautonomia and persistent extraintestinal, systemic, and CNS inflammation with exacerbated neurological deficits

Fig. 12

Dysautonomia is induced acutely by TBI and persistently by intestinal inflammation during chronic TBI. TBI significantly and transiently elevated sympathetic tone (↑LF/HF) at 24 h returning to baseline levels by 7 days post-TBI injury a. Sham+DSS and TBI + DSS mice exhibited increased sympathetic tone during both DSS injury and 1-week recovery phases compared to their water-treated counterparts (Sham, TBI) and Naïve+DSS mice b. Graphs of LF/HF ratios at specific time points within the study; PTD1 c, PTD35 d, and PTD42 e. Data expressed as mean ± s.e.m (pre-DSS: n = 30–31/group; DSS injury phase: n = 14–17/group DSS injury; 1-week recovery phase: n = 14–17/group). a–e ** p < 0.01 vs Naïve/Sham, ^ p < 0.05 vs Naïve+DSS, + p < 0.05 vs Sham, ++ p < 0.01 vs TBI. Abbreviations: LF, low frequency; HF, high frequency

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