Fig. 4

Effect of MK-deficiency on the Treg population and the M1 and M2 microglia/macrophages phenotype markers after TBI. The expression of CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells (Tregs) was higher in Mdk^−/− than in the Mdk^+/+ mice, although a significant difference between two groups was not observed (a). The expressions of the M2 phenotype markers, i.e., CD163⁺ macrophages and arginase-1⁺ microglia, were significantly higher in Mdk^−/− mice than in the Mdk^+/+ mice (b, c). In contrast, the expression of arginase-1⁺ macrophages was significantly lower in Mdk^−/− than Mdk^+/+ mice (c). Data are presented as mean ± SE (n = 4 mice/group). *p < 0.05 (comparison with MK^+/+ and Mdk^−/−)