Fig. 4

Paroxetine suppresses M/Lps-induced inflammatory responses in primary astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with paroxetine at different concentrations for 30 min followed by incubation with microglia conditioned media for 24 h. a NO production indicated by nitrite levels in culture media. b Quantitative PCR analyses of TNF-α and IL-1β expression. The mRNA levels were expressed relative to the one incubated with M/Lps alone, which was set as 100. c Concentrations of TNF-α in culture media. Values are means ± SE, n = 3 for a, n = 4 for b, c. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Different letters indicate p < 0.05. IL-1β, interleukin 1β; M/C, microglia conditioned medium without LPS stimulation; M/Lps, microglia conditioned medium pre-activated with LPS; NO, nitric oxide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α