Fig. 7

Inhibition of p65/NF-κB signaling on M/Lps-stimulated inflammatory responses in astrocytes. a Effect of PDTC on p65 activation. Cells were pretreated with 20 μM of PDTC for 2 h prior to stimulation with M/Lps for 30 min. Levels of p-p65 were quantified and normalized to total p65 levels. b Effect of PDTC on M/Lps-induced mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Cells were pretreated with 20 μM of PDTC for 2 h prior to stimulation with M/Lps for 24 h. Values were expressed relative to the one stimulated with M/Lps alone, which was set as 100. Data are means ± SE, n = 4. Statistical comparisons were performed using two-way ANOVA. Different letters and * indicate p < 0.05. IL-1β, interleukin 1β; M/C, microglia conditioned medium without LPS stimulation; M/Lps, microglia conditioned medium pre-activated with LPS; PDTC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α