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Table 2 Child characteristics

From: Immune network dysregulation associated with child neurodevelopmental delay: modulatory role of prenatal alcohol exposure

Variable

C/TD (n = 15)

C/ND (n = 12)

A/TD (n = 15)

A/ND (n = 17)

p value

Age at blood draw (years)

3.68 ± 0.20

3.61 ± 0.23

3.14 ± 0.29

3.60 ± 0.21

0.2381

Child sex

Male

46.7% (7)

58.3% (7)

53.3% (8)

58.8% (10)

0.9023

Female

53.3% (8)

41.7% (5)

46.7% (7)

41.2% (7)

Height < 10th percentile

No

100.0% (15)

83.3% (10)

78.6% (11)

56.3% (9)

0.0192

Yes

0.0% (0)

16.7% (2)

21.4% (3)

43.8% (7)

Weight < 10th percentile

No

93.3% (14)

83.3% (10)

78.6% (11)

50.0% (8)

0.0452

Yes

6.7% (1)

16.7% (2)

21.4% (3)

50.0% (8)

Occipital-frontal circumference < 10th percentile

No

100.0% (15)

91.7% (11)

85.7% (12)

62.5% (10)

0.0292

Yes

0.0% (0)

8.3% (1)

14.3% (2)

37.5% (6)

Smooth philtrum

No

86.7% (13)

66.7% (8)

85.7% (12)

56.3% (9)

0.1742

Yes

13.3% (2)

33.3% (4)

14.3% (2)

43.8% (7)

Thin vermilion border

No

86.7% (13)

75.0% (9)

92.9% (13)

62.5% (10)

0.2672

Yes

13.3% (2)

25.0% (3)

7.1% (1)

37.5% (6)

Palpebral fissure length < 10th percentile

No

100.0% (15)

91.7% (11)

92.9% (13)

68.8% (11)

0.0522

Yes

0.0% (0)

8.3% (1)

7.1% (1)

31.3% (5)

Age at 1st exam (years)

0.56 ± 0.01

0.51 ± 0.02

0.55 ± 0.02

0.56 ± 0.20

0.0591

Mental development index (1st exam)

91.67 ± 0.87

82.08 ± 3.40

91.87 ± 0.98⦿

80.87 ± 2.05❋,✦

< 0.0011

Psychomotor development index (1st exam)

92.00 ± 2.13

81.92 ± 2.75

88.40 ± 2.19

80.47 ± 3.28

< 0.0071

Age at 2nd exam (years)

1.05 ± 0.02

0.99 ± 0.01

1.05 ± 0.02

1.02 ± 0.01

0.0841

Mental development index (2nd exam)

94.93 ± 2.77

84.55 ± 2.36

96.93 ± 2.06⦿

76.63 ± 2.06❋,✦

< 0.0011

Psychomotor development index (2nd exam)

107.36 ± 3.2

92.45 ± 3.95

102.43 ± 2.60

83.81 ± 3.60❋,✦

< 0.0011

  1. Abbreviations: C/TD control mother (low to no alcohol), typically developing child; C/ND control mother (low to no alcohol), neurodevelopmental delay in the child; A/TD alcohol-consuming mother, typically developing child; A/ND alcohol-consuming mother, neurodevelopmental delay in the child. Continuous variables are reported as average value ± standard error. Categorical variables are reported as percentage of group followed by the N in parentheses. For both the A/TD and A/ND groups, one subject did not complete the dysmorphology exam. For the neurodevelopmental assessments, two subjects from the A/ND group did not complete the 6-month assessment and one subject from each group did not complete the 12-month assessment, with no subjects failing to complete the assessment at both time points. 1Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. 2Fisher’s exact test. 3Chi-square test. p values in italics are statistically significant; post hoc testing—< C/TD; ⦿> C/ND; < A/TD