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Table 2 Included articles and their study design

From: Effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia — a systematic review

Publication

Study design

Country

Clinical scales

Investigation

Author, year

Medium

Markers

A. Immunoglobulins

 Kanchanatawan et al. 2017 [40]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls

Thailand

DSM IV, FF, PANSS, SANS, SDS, HAM-D, HAM-A, CANTAB

Blood

3HK, KYNA, QUIN, AA, XA, PA, and IgA and IgM responses to these six TRYCATs

 Kanchanatawan et al. 2018a [41]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls

Thailand

DSM-IV-TR, Thai version of MINI, SDS, SANS, PANSS, BPRS

Blood

3HK, KA, QUIN, AA, XA, PA, and IgA and IgM responses to these six TRYCATs

 Kanchanatawan et al. 2018b [42]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls

Thailand

DSM-IV, SDS, SANS, PANSS, BPRS

Blood

3HK, KYNA, QUIN, AA, XA, PA, and IgA responses to these six TRYCATs

 Bechter et al. 2010 [43]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls

Germany

ICD-10

Blood and CSF

KYN, Trp, albumin, IgG, IgA, IgM, oligoclonal IgG

B. Interleukins

 Szymona et al. 2017 [44]

Observational prospective case-control study

Poland

ICD-10 (F20), SAPS, SANS, PANSS

Blood

KYNA, 3-HK, sIL-2R, IFN-α, IL-4

 Barry et al. 2009 [45]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls

Ireland

DSM-IV, SCID-I for DSM-IV, SAPS, SANS, CDSS

Blood

L-Trp, KYN, 3HK, KYNA, 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid, XA and 3-nitro-l-tyrosine

 Kim et al. 2009 [46]

Observational prospective case-control study

Korea

DSM IV, PANSS

Blood

Trp and KYN as well as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1

 Schwieler et al. 2015 [47]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls

Sweden

DSM­IV, BPRS, GAF

CSF

Cytokines: IL­1β, IL­2, IL­4, IL­6, IL­8, IL­10, IL­18, TNF­α, IFN­α­2a, and IFN­γ as well as KYNA, KYN, and Trp

Human astrocyte culture

Effects of IL-6 on KYN and KYNA

 Kegel et al. 2017 [48]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy control twins

Sweden

SCID-I, SCID-II, SANS, SAPS, SPQ-B, HAM-D, YMRS, GAF

CSF

KYNA, QUIN, Trp, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, albumin

Blood

CRP and albumin

C. C-reactive protein

 Wurfel et al. 2017 [49]

Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls

USA

DSM-IV, HAM-D, YMRS, BPRS version 4.0, CORE assessment of psychomotor change

Blood

High-sensitivity CRP, Trp, KYN, KYNA, 3HK

  1. Abbreviations: 3HK 3-OH-kynurenine, AA anthranilic acid, Af affective disorder, BPRS The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, CANTAB The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, CDSS Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, CRP C-reactive protein, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text Revision, DZ dizygotic twins, FF Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Rating Scale, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAM-D Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, ICD 10 The International Classification of Diseases Tenth Edition, IFN- interferon-, Ig immunoglobulin, IL- interleukin-, KYN kynurenine, KYNA kynurenic acid, MDD major depressive disorder, MINI Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MZ monozygotic twins, ND not determined, PA picolinic acid, PANSS The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, QUIN quinolinic acid, SANS Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SAPS Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, SCID-I/II for DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV Axis I/II Disorders, SDS Schedule for Deficit Syndrome, sIL-2R soluble interleukin-2 receptor, SPQ-B Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief, Sz schizophrenia, SzA schizo-affective disorder, TGF- transforming growth factor, TNF­α tumor necrosis factor­α, Trp Tryptophan, TRYCATs tryptophan catabolites, XA xanthurenic acid, YMRS The Young Mania Rating Scale