Fig. 4

Effects of antidepressants on CytoM-induced IL-6 and IL-1β in primary astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with paroxetine (A), fluoxetine (B), sertraline (C), citalopram (D), fluvoxamine (E), and venlafaxine (F) at different concentrations for 30 min followed by stimulation with CytoM for 24 h. Cytokine levels in culture media were measured. Values were expressed relative to the one treated with CytoM alone, which was set as 100. Values are means ± SE, n = 3 for IL-6, n = 4 for IL-1β. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Different letters within the same cytokine group indicate p < 0.05. IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-1β, interleukin 1β