Fig. 8

Schematic illustration of antidepressants on CytoM-induced signaling activation and inflammatory responses in primary astrocytes. a CytoM activates p38, p65, and JNK1; inhibits STAT3; induces A1 polarization; and has no impact on JNK2, ERK1/2, and A2 polarization. The antidepressants act on JNK1 and STAT3, but not on others. b All of the antidepressants inhibit CytoM-induced JNK1 activation. Citalopram, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine route separately from CytoM to inhibit STAT3 activity. Paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline share the pathways with CytoM to inhibit STAT3 activity. The JNK1 and STAT3 signaling mediate expression of iNOS and IL-1β and expression of IL-6, respectively, and are also cross-talked. IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase