A systemic immune challenge to model hospital-acquired infections independently regulates immune responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury

Table 2 Serum cytokines analysis at 24 h post-LPS

Protein (pg/ml)	IL-6	TNF-a	GM-CSF	CCL2	IL-10
Sham + saline	13.0 ± 2.37	12.03 ± 0.58	4.43 ± 2.57	87.51 ± 16.80	1.09 ± 0.55
Sham + LPS	6.65 ± 2.78	6.09 ± 2.69	0.46 ± 0.27	931.11 ± 209.88	3.61 ± 1.14
TBI + saline	11.84 ± 1.98	7.87 ± 2.05	5.43 ± 2.02	62.08 ± 24.47	0.60 ± 0.34
TBI + LPS	4.29 ± 1.99	4.69 ± 2.36	1.77 ± 1.51	704.29 ± 177.38	5.04 ± 2.08
Effect of injury	p = 0.507	p = 0.252	p = 0.559	p = 0.444	p = 0.738
Effect of LPS	p = 0*.015	p = 0.068	p = 0.066	*p < 0**.001	p = 0*.021
Interaction injury × treatment	p = 0.819	p = 0.568	p = 0.938	p = 0.540	p = 0.370

Inflammatory cytokines were quantified at 24 h post-LPS by multiplex assay. A significant effect of LPS was noted for IL-6, CCL2, and IL-10, whereas non-significant trends were observed for TNF-α and GM-CSF. However, none of these cytokines were altered in response to TBI at this time point. *p ≤ 0.05, ***p ≤ 0.001 indicates main effect of LPS from two-way ANOVA; n = 5–6/group

ISSN: 1742-2094