Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. In experiment 1, the mice underwent behavioral tests for the training phase 3 h before surgery and post behavioral tests 1, 2, and 5 days after surgery. Brain tissues were immediately harvested at the end of the behavioral testing, and ELISA analysis for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels was performed. The level of CX3CR1 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. In experiment 2, neutralizing Ab was injected 30 min before TF surgery after behavioral training tests, and at the same time point 24 and 48 h after later. The mice performed behavioral tests for the training phase 3 h before surgery and post behavioral tests 2 days after surgery. The brain tissues were harvested and ELISA and immunohistochemistry was performed after the behavioral testing period. For OIS imaging, the mice received the cranial window implantation 3 weeks before surgery, and OIS imaging was performed 2 days after surgery