Fig. 1

ILC2 are numerically and functionally deficient in 3xTg-AD mice. a Representative flow cytometric profiles of ILC2 in the whole-brain tissue of 7-month-old female and male 3xTg-AD mice and control wild-type (WT) mice. ILC2 were identified as Lin⁻CD45⁺Thy1⁺T1/ST2⁺ cells. Lin1 markers included B220, NK1.1, and CD11b. Total Lin markers included B220, NK1.1, CD11b, CD3, and TCRβ. The values shown represent the percentages of gated cells from total cells in the flow cytometry plot. b Numbers of ILC2 in the whole-brain tissue of 7-month-old male 3xTg-AD mice and control wild-type mice. Data are from 6 mice per group, two independent experiments. Sex effect: F [1, 20] = 15.88, p < 0.01; strain effect: F [1, 20] = 99.39, p < 0.01; interaction: F [1, 20] = 10.16, p < 0.01. c Numbers of ILC2 at different anatomic sites in 7-month-old female and male 3xTg-AD mice and sex and age-matched control wild-type mice. PFC, prefrontal context; CTX, cortex; HP, hippocampus; HT, hypothalamus; LP, leptomeninges; CP, choroid plexus; PVS, perivascular space. Data are from 6 mice per group, two independent experiments. t [10] = 4.49, p < 0.01. d Representative flow cytometric profiles depicting IL-5 expression by ILC2 in the whole-brain tissue of 7-month-old female and male 3xTg-AD and control wild-type mice. Isotype controls were used as the negative control. Plots were pre-gated on ILC2 (Lin⁻CD45⁺Thy1⁺T1/ST2⁺). e Numbers of IL-5-expressing ILC2 in the whole-brain tissue of 7-month-old female and male 3xTg-AD and control wild-type mice. Data are from 4 mice per group, two independent experiments. Sex effect: F [1, 12] = 12.06, p < 0.01; strain effect: F [1, 12] = 54.64, p < 0.01; interaction: F [1, 12] = 6.21, p < 0.05. f Representative flow cytometric profile of IL-5 expression in T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺) and B cells (CD45⁺CD19⁺) in the whole-brain tissue of 7-month-female and male 3xTg-AD mice and control wild-type mice. Plots were pre-gated on T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺) or B cells (CD45⁺CD19⁺). Data represent 4 female and 4 male mice per group. Error bars = mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01; n.s., not significant